Community seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents in England, 2019-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To understand community seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents. This is vital to understanding the susceptibility of this cohort to COVID-19 and to inform public health policy for disease control such as immunisation. DESIGN: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional seroprevalence study in participants aged 0-18 years old recruiting from seven regions in England between October 2019 and June 2021 and collecting extensive demographic and symptom data. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins using Roche assays processed at UK Health Security Agency laboratories. Prevalence estimates were calculated for six time periods and were standardised by age group, ethnicity and National Health Service region. RESULTS: Post-first wave (June-August 2020), the (anti-spike IgG) adjusted seroprevalence was 5.2%, varying from 0.9% (participants 10-14 years old) to 9.5% (participants 5-9 years old). By April-June 2021, this had increased to 19.9%, varying from 13.9% (participants 0-4 years old) to 32.7% (participants 15-18 years old). Minority ethnic groups had higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity than white participants (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.0), after adjusting for sex, age, region, time period, deprivation and urban/rural geography. In children <10 years, there were no symptoms or symptom clusters that reliably predicted seropositivity. Overall, 48% of seropositive participants with complete questionnaire data recalled no symptoms between February 2020 and their study visit. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of participants aged 15-18 years old had evidence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 prior to the introduction of widespread vaccination. These data demonstrate that ethnic background is independently associated with risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04061382.

Initial Survey Validation for the Impact of Intellectual Capital on Frugal Innovation

The rapidly developing Covid-19 epidemic has resulted in nationwide lockdowns, putting many higher learning institutions (HLIs) at risk of extinction due to low profitability and limited finance. This upheaval has increased the pressure on institutions to capitalize on their intellectual resources and develop new economic models. HLIs are turning towards digital transformation as e-learning has become the new normal. This paper explains how pretest and pilot tests were used to improve the methodological reliability of research instruments and suggests that it should be a common step in research instrument development. Pretest, which consists of expert review, cognitive interviewing, and pilot testing, were carried out to manage challenges due to dissimilar context emerging from geographic, linguistic, and cultural differences as the instrument was adopted from past literature. Six professional experts were chosen for face validation, followed by a cognitive interview with 10 ten respondents from the actual respondent's list, which is the management of private university listed in SETARA Listing 2018. Pilot testing consisting of 30 respondents was conducted in the second stage to check reliability and validity. Results from expert review and cognitive interviewing allowed the researcher to quickly resolve issues based on 'respondents' feedback on the wording problems, relevance, and usability of the questionnaire. The results from the pilot test reliability analysis revealed that the scales had good internal consistency. Researchers were able to alter research instruments and enhance the research design because of the detailed pretest and pilot study conducted, which will guide the substantive investigation. This was an important aspect of the pretest and piloting phase since it allowed us to identify issues with the instruments' efficacy and the model transferability to the Malaysian private HLIs context. © 2022,International Journal of Technology. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Tertiary Level Students in Malaysia Using the 5C Model-A Short Survey

OBJECTIVE: To explore the attitudes of the tertiary level students in Malaysia towards COVID-19 vaccines to analyze the leading cause of vaccine hesitancy among this group. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2021 among undergraduates from 5 different private tertiary institutions across Malaysia. The data was obtained through an online survey using Google Forms and analyzed using Smart PLS 3 software. RESULT(S): The validity of the measurement model led to the structural model after bootstrapping. From the data analysis, it was confirmed that Collective Responsibility and Confidence had a significant positive relationship with vaccine hesitancy, while complacency, constraints and calculation did not seem to contribute to vaccine hesitancy CONCLUSION(S): Most respondents have good knowledge about the vaccines and generally have a positive attitude towards COVID-19. The respondents were hesitant to get the COVID-19 vaccines because they were concerned about the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines as they are new and rapidly developed. Copyright © 2022, J Liaquat Uni Med Health Sci. All rights reserved.

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN A NEW ONSET ELDERLY TYPE 1 DIABETES AFTER SARS-CoV-2 VACCINATION: ASSOCIATION OR COINCIDENCE?

Introduction In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of new onset diabetes associated with COVID-19 have been reoprted. Additionally, patients with diabetes, a high-risk population, are prioritised for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. The vaccine against the (SARS-CoV-2) could represent a new environmental trigger for autoimmune disorders such as Graves' disease, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, autoimmune liver diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes. case We report a case of diabetic ketoacidosis in a new onset Type 1 diabetes in an elderly female following SARSCoV- 2 vaccination. A 69-year-old female with a history of treated TB abdomen in 2015 with no history of diabetes received her second dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (COMIRNATY) on 21st August 2021. Two weeks following vaccination, she developed osmotic symptoms, reduce appetite and lethargy. Her random blood glucose (RBS) was 41 mmol/L, serum ketone 4.4 mmol/L, pH of 7.29 mmHg, bicarbonate 12.5 mmol/L and serum osmolarity of 298 mOsm/kg. She was treated for DKA with intravenous insulin infusion and hydration with resolution of DKA within 12 hours. Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and anti-Islet Cells antibodies were positive with low fasting C-peptide of 102 pmol/L. She was discharged well with basal bolus insulin. Four months later, HbA1c reduced from 15.6% to 7.7% with a random C-peptide of 152 pmol/L. Conclusion The occurrence of hyperglycaemia crisis following SARSCoV- 2 vaccine in patients with pre-existing diabetes is known but the occurrence of new onset autoimmune diabetes following vaccination is rare. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Humanizing ICU in COVID Age. A Comparative Study

Introduction: ICU admissions cause a great deal of stress. Humanizing ICU is a way to reduce the stress among the surrogates. The days are gone where the medical outcome of the patient alone was taken into consideration. Now families are recognized as a component in the outcome indicators of ICU satisfaction. KIMS hospital piloted the concept of humanized ICU in one of its multidisciplinary ICUs. Aim and objective: To evaluate the effect of humanisation and to implement if found beneficial is the way forward. To assess surrogate satisfaction in ICU, so as to identify areas of improvement for improving the quality of care To evaluate compassion satisfaction among the nursing care providers. Materials and methods: Two multidisciplinary ICUs, at KIMS hospital Thiruvananthapuram, were selected. One with conventional ICU care and other humanized ICU care. The surrogate of the patients was given the surrogate satisfaction score checklist. The humanized ICU was equipped with aprons with named badges and photos, one-to-one nursing care, teleservices providing 24 hours communication facilities with their patients. A comparative analysis of the surrogate satisfaction and compassion satisfaction among nursing care providers was done between two ICUs. An independent t-test was done between 2 samples to analyze the results. A total of 50 patients were admitted to MDICU 2 where the concept of humanization was not implemented. In MDICU 3 during the same period, a total of 42 patients were admitted. The nearest kin of all these patients was given the surrogate satisfaction score checklist. The data were collected from all for a period of 1 month. Results: The surrogate satisfaction among the 2 ICUs showed a marked difference. The results were statistically significant to conclude that humanizing ICU brings a positive correlation in increasing surrogate satisfaction. Compassion satisfaction showed a great difference, it was 80% more in humanized ICU. Conclusion: ICU care can be offered in a more humanized way which improves surrogate satisfaction, which is an important factor in increasing patient satisfaction also.

Vaccine hesitancy toward the COVID-19 vaccine among the Malaysian population

COVID-19 is a potentially fatal infectious disease that requires effective vaccines to keep the outbreak under control. Despite the ongoing efforts for an effective vaccine, public hesitancy towards vaccines is now one of the main concerns to the global health in containing this global pandemic. Thus, this preliminary study was carried out to assess the degree of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the general public in Malaysia and to identify the underlying reasons for their hesitancy by using 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. This study was conducted by carrying out a cross-sectional online survey for approximately two months between January to February 2021, involving 385 participants. The survey contained questions based on the 5C model proffered by WHO. The data from the survey were analyzed using Smart PLS 3 for statistical analysis, with the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). According to the findings, only 62.5 percent out of the 385 participants had planned to get the COVID-19 vaccine, while the remaining 37.5 percent did not. The results also showed that confidence, calculation, collective responsibility, and constraints had a significant influence on vaccine hesitancy but not complacency. There is a degree of vaccine hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccines among the Malaysian population, although the data that we have obtained cannot be used to generalize for the entire Malaysian population due to the small sample size. Thus, for the vaccination campaign to be more effective, it should focus more on addressing the issue relating to confidence, calculation, collective responsibility, and constraints and less on complacency.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF ART AND HANDICRAFTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURISM SECTOR POST COVID 19

The paper is based on needs to be taken by the Contribution of Arts and Handicrafts that has been spread across Our country towards resurrecting the Tourism Sector post Covid 19. The Impact of the pandemic, Corona Virus has bought the tourism sector to a Complete halt for the past 18 Months , the sector which is looked as an asset towards the generation of our country economy every year round. It was observed by the expert committee who says that the losses has gone upto over $ 64.1 billion, with an average of around 75 less travel in these period since the Lockdown in March 2020. Also the way forward is Uncertain thus making things a little in the unknown as we move towards the future path of resurrection the Sector. Tourism Sector has started in its slow recovery post the pandemic . Many a tourist spot has started opening to the General Public keeping in mind the SOP offered by its state Government. One of the Important Segment is the Arts and Handicrafts segment, the one that has the habit ofattracting tourists all over at the places of Destination.

Veterinary Knowledge in One Health Movement: Key to Healthier Environment

One Health approach is the most relevant global initiative to achieve an optimal health for human, animals, and the environment on this planet as of now. With the recent devastating Covid-19 pandemic, all of us are aware that more global predictions and disease informatics are needed pointing out the etiology of major emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases being either vector-borne, or zoonoticdiseases originating from domestic animals or wildlife. Hence, it has become very critical and apparent that a veterinary Knowledge is the key for initiating the one health strategy sooner than later worldwide. This is being more so after the recent SARS, Nipah and SARS Cov-2 pandemics affecting the human populations inhabiting the entire globe during the recent past.Hence, it is essential to understand the importance of the veterinary knowledge that was imbibed to the undergraduate, post graduate and doctoral students of the veterinary medicine and their potential applications for the one health movement. By education, research, nature of work and practice, majority of the veterinarians are poised to treat and handle many of the disease situations of man and animals in a holistic approach considering the common platform of environment existing for both species. This proves that the One Health mindset is already an inherent part of a veterinarian through his education, practice and experience. With this background, the veterinarians from core animal health academics to clinical practitioners to free lancing veterinary consultants and to Animal husbandry extension specialists are already being an integral part of multi-disciplinary strategies that have typical perspectives of a One health approach without realizing it in their day-to-day activities. Let us take this concept forward and replicate to achieve the safer and healthier world.

Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the consumer behaviour with special reference to poultry meat and egg in Tamil Nadu, India

A well-structured specifically developed questionnaire with 31 questions was circulated among residents in Tamil Nadu via social networking sites such as Facebook, Email, WhatsApp, and Twitter starting on 1411' August 2020 to 24m August 2020.181 out of 350 participants contacted, responded to the online survey (52%). Among the respondents (181), 30%, 21%, and 0.3% were male, female, and third gender, respectively. There was no substantial change in the consumption pattern of eggs during the COVID-19 lock-down period. However, there was a 5% reduction in the consumption of poultry meat and egg on Sunday's during the COVID-19 lock-down period. There was a marginal increase in the purchase of poultry eggs among the respondents who usually buy less than 6 eggs per week for their family and a marginal reduction in the (-4%) in the purchase of poultry eggs among the respondents purchasing 12-24 eggs per week for their family. The regular quantity of chicken meat consumed per family per week is up to 2 kgs. There was a 6% reduction in the consumption of chicken meat among the respondents consuming 1 to 2 kg per week for their family during the COVID-19 lock-down period. This survey highlights the need for constant awareness among the general public as 36% of respondents were unaware of the about non-transmission of COVID-19 through chicken meat and egg. fry.